Few ships carry over 300 ft. of stud anchor chain. A number of drilling rigs and research vessels some times carry mush more, for you are fixed moorings which may have a buoy that the boat or ship will use. I don't know the longest ever, but many ships that want some hundred feet are now using thrusters that make it ship or drilling rig into position. In the kinds of ship you listed.
I might think an oiler would carry more than say a Cruise Ship, or Cargo vessel, but none of them would desire anything like a Battleship or Aircraft Carrier. Remember that the size of the ship (weight) makes it necessary that the "scope" with the mooring chain would need to be 6 or 7 times the depth from the water the place that the ship will almost certainly anchor. So, a tremendous ship such as an attack aircraft carrier that has been going the anchor in 200 ft. of water would want (and carry) between 1000' and 1400' of studless anchor chain.
However, Modern day luxury cruise ships and cargo ships normally anchor in bays and estuary's within 60-80 ft. of water So they are equipped for your.
Drilling rigs (there are several types) often operate in waters from as little as 50' deep to several hundred feet deep. The rig inside Gulf was drilling at almost 2000 ft when an outburst occurred, that generated the large oil spill. It was locked in position by thrusters. Similar to a big outboard motor (Larger than a smaller truck). In reality usually several 2 to 3 ones.
Including the drilling rigs moored within the North Sea use cables not welding anchor chain.
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